tpo20写作范文

tpo20写作范文篇一

TPO20综合写作解析

http:// bailiedu.com/

TPO20综合写作题目解析

2015年春节联欢晚会已经看完了，各种红包大家想必也抢到不少。年过完了，托福备考还是要接着进行。今天前程百利小编和大家一起继续备考托福。TPO的练习题目是每一位参加托福考试的学生必不可少的部分。

今天学习的是TPO20的托福综合写作题目。只有持续不断地练习，才能在最后的托福考试中脱颖而出，考出理想的成绩。

TPO 20综合写作阅读部分解析：

In the United States, it had been common practice since the late 1960s no to suppress natural forest fires. The “let it burn” policy assumed that forest fire would burn themselves out quickly, without causing much damage. However, in the summer of 1988, forest fires in Yellowstone, the most famous national park in the country, burned for more than two months and spread over a huge area, encompassing more than 800,000 acres. Because of the large scale of the damage, many people called for replacing the “let it burn” policy with a policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. Three kinds of damage caused by the “let it burn” policy were emphasized by critics of the policy.

First, Yellowstone fires caused tremendous damage to the park’s trees and other vegetation. When the fires finally died out, nearly one third of Yellowstone’s land had been scorched. Trees were charred and blackened from flames and smoke. Smaller plants were entirely incinerated. What had been a national treasure now seemed like a devastated wasteland.

Second, the park wildlife was affected as well. Large animals like deer and elk were seen fleeing the fire. Many smaller species were probably unable to escape. There was also concern that the 地址：北京市海淀区海淀北二街8号 中关村SOHO A区 2层

http:// bailiedu.com/

destruction of habitats and the disruption of food chains would make it impossible for the animals that survived the fire to return.

Third, the fires compromised the value of the park as a tourist attraction, which in turn had negative consequences for the local economy. With several thousand acres of the park engulfed in flames, the tourist season was cut short, and a large number of visitors decided to stay away. Of course, local businesses that depended on park visitors suffered as a result.

下面是阅读部分前程百利小编觉得会影响大家理解文章内容的难词难句解析。

1.阅读部分难词解析

Yellowstone n.黄石公园（美国）

burn out 烧尽；燃烧

encompass vt.包含；包围，围绕

tremendous [trɪ'mendəs] adj. 极大的，巨大的；惊人的

vegetation n. 植被；植物

scorch [skɔːtʃ] n. 烧焦；焦痕 vt. 烧焦；使枯萎；挖苦vi. 烧焦；枯萎

incinerate [ɪn'sɪnəreɪt]vi. 把烧成灰；烧弃 vt. 焚化；烧成灰

elk [elk]n. 麋鹿；软鞣粗皮；驼鹿皮革

engulf in淹没在…中

2.阅读部分长难句解析

1）However, in the summer of 1988, forest fires in Yellowstone, the most famous national park in the country, burned for more than two months and spread over a huge area, encompassing more than 800,000 acres.

地址：北京市海淀区海淀北二街8号 中关村SOHO A区 2层

解析： http:// bailiedu.com/

句子主干：Forest fires burned for more than two months and spread over a huge area.

the most famous national park in the country修饰前面的Yellowstone;最后的encompassing more than 800,000 acres做伴随状语，修饰句子主干。

2）There was also concern that the destruction of habitats and the disruption of food chains would make it impossible for the animals that survived the fire to return.

解析：

句子中出现了两个that引导的从句，第一个that用作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句。 第二个that做主语，引导主语从句。

3）With several thousand acres of the park engulfed in flames, the tourist season was cut short, and a large number of visitors decided to stay away.

解析：

后面两句做并列短语，作为句子主干。with做副词，构成：with+宾语+过去分词的形式。

3.阅读文章总体分析：

文章讲述了森林火灾的处理方式，从一开始的“let it burn”政策；到之后1988年黄石公园的巨大火灾造成的损失，让人们意识到，应该制止森林火灾的蔓延，尽早扑灭。然后，提出三个森林火灾的危害：首先，森林火灾会毁坏很多的树木；其次，森林火灾会对森林的动物造成伤害；最后，森林火灾还会影响当地的旅游资源，造成经济损失。

总论点：文章第一段倒数第二句：Because of the large scale of the damage, many people called for replacing the “let it burn” policy with a policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared.（由于火灾造成巨大损失，人们呼吁在火灾发生时应该及时扑灭，而不是任其燃烧。）

地址：北京市海淀区海淀北二街8号 中关村SOHO A区 2层

http:// bailiedu.com/

分论点1：第二段第一句：First, Yellowstone fires caused tremendous damage to the park’s trees and other vegetation.（森林火灾引起巨大的植物和植被伤害）。

分论点2：第二段第一句：Second, the park wildlife was affected as well. Large animals like deer and elk were seen fleeing the fire.（森林火灾会对森林里的动物造成伤害）。

分论点3：第三段第一句：Third, the fires compromised the value of the park as a tourist attraction, which in turn had negative consequences for the local economy.（火灾会影响森林的旅游资源，对当地的经济造成影响）。

听力部分解析：

Professor

Actually fires are natural part of ecological cycle and their role is not just destructive but also creative. That is why the “let it burn” policy is fundamentally a good one, even if it sometimes causes fires of the 1988 Yellowstone fire. Let’s look at what happened after 1988 Yellowstone fire. First, vegetation. As you might imagine, scorched areas were in time colonized by new plants. As a matter of fact, the plants in Yellowstone became more diverse because the fire created an opportunity for certain plants that could not grow otherwise. For example, areas where the trees have been destroyed by fire could now be taken over by smaller plants that needed open and shaded space to grow. And another example, seeds of certain plants species won’t germinate unless they’re exposed to very high levels of heat. So, those plants started appearing after the fire as well.

It’s a similar story with the animals. Not only did their population recover, but the fire also created new opportunities. For instance, the small plants that replaced trees after the fire created an ideal 地址：北京市海淀区海淀北二街8号 中关村SOHO A区 2层

http:// bailiedu.com/

habitat for certain small animals like rabbits and hares. And when rabbits and hares started thriving, so did some predators that depended on them for food. So, certain food chains actually became stronger after the fire than they were before.

And last, fires like 1988 Yellowstone fire would be a problem for tourism if they happened every year. But they don’t. It was a very unusual combination of factors that year, low rainfall, unusually strong winds, accumulation of dry undergrowth that caused fire to be so massive. This combination has not occurred since and Yellowstone has not seen such a fire since 1988. Visitors came back to the park next year and each year after that.

1.下面是听力文本中出现的疑难词汇：

ecological cycle 生态循环

colonize ['kɔlənaiz] vt. 将开拓为殖民地；移于殖民地 vi. 开拓殖民地；移居于殖民地

germinate ['dʒɜːmɪneɪt] vt. 使发芽；使生长vi. 发芽；生长

hare n. 野兔v. 飞跑

2.听力文章解析：

听力部分表达和阅读部分的观点正好相反，阅读部分是反对“let it burn”政策；而听力部分则支持该政策。同样是三个分论点。对应阅读部分的三个分论点，也分别从植物，动物和森林作为旅游资源的经济层面出发。

总论点：第一段：Actually fires are natural part of ecological cycle and their role is not just destructive but also creative. That is why the “let it burn” policy is fundamentally a good one, even if it sometimes causes fires of the 1988 Yellowstone fire.（火灾是生态循环的必要部分，也有创造性，所以基本上是有好处的）。

地址：北京市海淀区海淀北二街8号 中关村SOHO A区 2层

tpo20写作范文篇二

tpo20写作

Lots of people are wondering what quality a successful person must have. Are they always do the same things like us only make it as well as possible? Of course the answer is no. The successful person often tries something new

Firstly, it is known by us that try something new will give a person a lot of chances. For instant if a student just study well in school. Every day he study hard and do his homework well. There is no doubt that no one can notice him. What he will get is only the good score and some praise. On the contrary, another student whose study is not very well but does a lot of research or takes some risks is better. He proves to everybody that he has the ability to control what he has learned. Absolutely he will get chances led to success. Then he must get the chances and finally he will get his success.

Moreover, the sense of risky gives a person more knowledge. Learning in school is a kind of way that everyone learns the same things. What we do is just learn it well. However it makes all of the students as same as others. There is a saying that “success is only for special” the extra knowledge cause differ. There was a person in China named Zhang Heng, he is a famous person that invent a machine which can let the people know where happen an earthquake. As you know in the ancient China, all the people just read books in order to get success. Zhang try something new. For this he became a successful scientist. So it is

necessary to do something new in order to be successful.

Admittedly doing what they know how to do well is important too. We get a lot on it. We need to do this because if we want to succeed we must have the basic knowledge and the patience. However only this cannot lead us to success. There is no alternative ways to success. What we must do is to be creative.

Consequently, Successful people try new things instead of only doing the thing what they know how to do well.

tpo20写作范文篇三

托福TPO20综合写作内容解读{tpo20写作范文}.

智课网TOEFL备考资料

托福TPO20综合写作内容解读

摘要： 托福综合写作部分考察学生阅读、听力、写作三方面的内容，内容的形式，往往是让学生阅读一篇小文章，文章的观点与听力所听到的观点是相反的，然后根据自己听到的和阅读到的内容写一篇英文文章，难度系数有点大，下面我们就先来那这篇文章练练手吧！

托福 TPO20综合写作阅读材料：

In the United States, it had been common practice since the late 1960s not to suppress natural forest fires. The “ let it burn” policy assumed that forest fires would burn themselves out quickly,without causing much damage. However, in the summer of 1988, forest fires in Yellowstone, the most famous national park in the country, burned for more than two months and spread over a huge area, encompassing more than 800,000 acres. Because of the large scale of the damage,many people called for replacing the “ let it burn” policy with a policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. Three kinds of damage caused by the “ let it burn” policy were emphasized by critics of the policy.

在美国，从 1960 年代末开始就非常普遍地对森林大火采取不扑灭的策略。这种 “ 随它燃烧”的策略认为森林大火可以在不造成太多损失的情况下迅速燃烧完。然后，1988 年发生在美国最出名的黄石国家公园的森林大火却整整燃烧了两个月，蔓延了 80 万英亩。鉴于这次造成的巨大损失，很多人主张取消 “ 随它燃烧”的策略，转而开始全力扑灭森林大火的策略。评论家们提供了三个由 “ 随它燃烧”策略造成的损害来支持自己的观点。

First, Yellowstone fires cause tremendous damage to the parks trees and other vegetation. When the fires finally died out, nearly one third of Yellowstone ’ s land had been scorched. Trees were charred and blackened from flames and smoke. Smaller plants were entirely incinerated. What had been a national treasure now seemed like a evastated wasteland.

首先，黄石大火给公园里的树木以及其他植物造成了巨大的损失。当火燃尽的时候，黄石公园接近三分之一的面积已成焦土。火焰烧焦树木，浓烟熏黑树木。小型植物则被彻底烧成灰烬。当看到宝贵的国家财富成为一片荒地的时候，会是何种感觉?

Second, the park wildlife was affected as well. Large animals like deer and elk were seen fleeing the fire. Many smaller species were probably unable to escape. There was also concern than the destruction of habitats and the disruption of food chains would make it impossible for the animals that survived the fire to return.

第二，公园的野生动物也遭到了伤害。像鹿或者麋鹿这些大型动物在火灾中都逃脱了，但是很多小型动物却不能逃脱。同时，大火还破坏了动物的栖息地并打乱了食物链，这使得当或在结束之后，逃离的动物也无法回来栖息于此。

Third, the fires compromised the value of the park as a tourist attraction, which in turn had negative consequences for the local economy. With several thousand acres of the park engulfed in flames, the tourist season was cut short, and a large number of visitors decided to stay away. Of course, local businesses that depended on park visitors suffered as a result.

第三，火灾会降低公园对游客的吸引力，进而对当地的经济造成不良的影响。由于数千英亩的土地被火焰吞没，旅游旺季缩短了，而很多游客都会选择放弃游览黄石公园。当地的经济对于旅游业依赖很大，自然会受到

负面影响。

阅读部分需要提取的观点是：

- Main point: 专家主张废除 “ 随它燃烧”的策略

- Sub point 1: 会对国家公园的植物造成伤害

- Sub point 2: 会对国家公园的动物造成伤害

- Sub point 3: 火灾会降低公园对游客的吸引力

托福TPO20综合写作听力材料：

Actually, fires are natural part of ecological cycle and their role is not just destructive but also creative. That is why the “ let it burn” policy is fundamentally a good one, even if it sometimes causes fires of the 1988 Yellowstone fire. Let ’ s look at what happened after 1988 fire.

事实上，森林大火是生态系统的组成部分，而且大火的角色不仅仅是破坏性的，同时也是建设性的。这就是为什么 “ 随它燃烧”政策基本上是正确的，尽管它导致了 1988 年黄石大火。

让我们看看 1988 大火之后发生了什么。

First, vegetation. As you might imagine, scorched areas were in time colonized by new plants. As a matter of fact, the plants in Yellowstone became more diverse because the fire created an opportunity for certain plants that could not grow otherwise. For example, areas where the trees have been destroyed by the fire could now be taken over by

smaller plants that needed open and shaded space to grow.And another example, seeds of certain plants species won ’ t germinate unless they ’ re exposed to very high levels of heat. So, those plants started appearing after the fire as well.{tpo20写作范文}.

首先，对于植物来说。你们可以想到，那些烧焦的地方随着时间的发展都会被新的植物覆盖。而且事实上，因为大火给一些本来难以生长的种类得以发芽，黄石的植物因此变得更具多样性。比如，原来长满树木的地方因为火灾遭到破坏，但现在那里长满了需要开阔而阴凉空间的小型植物。另一个例子是，一些植物的种子只有经受过非常高的温度之后才能够发芽 。所以，这些植物会在大火之后开始生长。

It ’ s a similar story with the animals. Not only did their populations recover, but the fire also created new

opportunities. For instance, the small plants that replaced trees after the fire created an ideal habitat for certain small animals like rabbits and hares.And when rabbits and hares started thriving, so did some predators that depended on them for food. So, certain food chains actually became stronger after the fire than they were before.

动物的情况也类似。不但动物的数量会逐步回复，而且大火会给动物的生长带来新的机会。比如，那些在火灾之后取代原有树木的小型植物给一些小型动物提供了极佳的栖息地，比如兔子。当兔子的数量开始变多，那么以它们为食的捕食者的数量也会增加。所以，大火过后，相应的食物链会变得比之前更加稳定。

And last, fires like 1988 Yellowstone fire would be a problem for tourism if they happened every year. But they don ’ t. It was a very unusual combination of factors that year, low rainfall, unusually strong winds, accumulation of dry

undergrowth that caused fire to be so massive. This combination has not occurred since and Yellowstone has not seen

such a fire since 1988. Visitors came back to the park next year and each year after that.

最后，只要 1988 年的黄石大火不是每年都发生，那么就不会对旅游业造成巨大问题。而事实上，也确实不会每年发生。大火的发生是在那一年诸多因素和偶然的相互作用。比如，降水少、罕见的大风，以及干燥的低层植被的聚集导致了那次大火规模空前。但是这些因素没有再次聚合，而黄石公园自 1988 年开始也没有出现过这样规模的火灾。游客在大火第二年的时候就会恢复，而且这种趋势会保持下去。

托福TPO20综合写作 听力部分需要提取的观点是：

- Main point: “ 随它燃烧”政策基本上是正确的

- Sub point 1: 植物会在大火之后恢复而且生长的更好

- Sub point 2: 动物也会在大火之后恢复，食物链会更加稳定

- Sub point 3: 只有每年都发生火灾才会影响当地旅游业，但是从 1988 年后再也没有发生

托福TPO20综合写作例文(仅供参考)

The reading passage argues that the "let it burn" policy should be replaced by the policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. However, the professor raises serious counterarguements against the reading paragraph by providing three aspects as listed below:

First, according to the speaker, the natural forest fires are a cycle of creative even they have a large scale of the damage, and after the fires,new plants which became more deverse than before existed in the Yellowstone. For

example, some big plants were replaced by the small ones appeared in the Yellowstone due to the open and shaded lands.Another example is that it was a better place for certain seeds thanks to the high level of the heat. This point directly contradicts what the passage indicates.

Second, the reading passage states that the fire was a destruction of habitats and the disruption of the food chain. The professor, however, stated that the population had already recovered, and created some ideal habitates for the small animals such as rabbits and hares. Moreover, since the rabbits and hares began to live there, the predators who lived on them came to live in the Yellowstone, too. Therefore, certain food chain was stronger than before. This is another point where the listening opposes the reading passage.

Third, quite different from what had been stated in the reading passage, the lecturer said that the fire in 1988 was quite unusual and it did not happen every year. Moreover, the massive fire was caused by the low rain fall and the strong wind, which would not occur again. Besides, the vistors still come back to the Yellowstone next year and each year after that.This point refutes the view stated in the reading passage.

以上就是本文为你介绍的有关托福TPO20的完整版内容，希望对你的而 托福考试 会有一定能够的帮助，通过以上内容的讲解，在接下来的托福考试过程中遇到类似的问题能够轻松解决，最后祝愿你在接下来的托福考试中能够去的优异的成绩。

tpo20写作范文篇四

【托福写作备考】TPO20独立写作题目及高分范文——成功人士

【托福写作备考】TPO20独立写作题目及高分范文——成功人士

在托福写作练习过程中，相信TPO材料中的作文题目都会是大家的首选练习材料。但是，对于每个题目仅仅只是练习写还是不够的，有针对性的解析和指导性，才会让TPO材料更有其使用价值。那么，下面我们就为大家带来TPO写作材料的系列解析内容。

托福独立写作题目及范文：成功人士{tpo20写作范文}.

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Successful people try new things and take risks rather than only doing what

they know how to do well.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

分类: 独立写作

话题: 个人成功

托福TPO20独立写作范文：

We are all interested to find out how successful people gain success. A

majority of people claim that successful people tend to take risks and avoid

only doing what they have already know. This statement is somewhat reliable

since successful people indeed do something unusual. However, their unusual

behavior is based on things that have been known for a long time.

Let’s take Albert Einstein as the first example. As we all know, he invented

the theory of Quantum Mechanics, which is so different from what we have already

known in physics. This theory led to his personal success in the field of

theoretical physics. However, almost all of us ignore the fact that he also did

really well in traditional physics. He made his discovery based on his research

on traditional physics. A more recent example is Steve Jobs, who is the chief{tpo20写作范文}.

executive officer of Apple. We usually oversee his achievement in the innovative

Apple system and applications. In fact, without deep knowledge of basic computer

system or electronic devices, he cannot put his innovation into use. Actually,

successful people do take risks after they have done what they have known for

sure. Basic things can provide proof for innovative actions. Before taking

risks, we just need to evaluate the risks and its proof. Anything in the world

should have solid proof, or it can never become reality. To become successful,

we just need to learn better about basic things, or things we have already known

well, in the first place. Just as Steve and Albert, suppose they have no

background knowledge at all, how can they take risks challenging?

Another importance of things we know is that they can provide some

enlightens. By the time we do things that are quite familiar well, we can easily

find out their limitations and come out with some methods of improvement.

Einstein first did his research on lights, which is so familiar with people at

time, and find out some limitations of the characters of lights. Without

background information, we just cannot see the little faults, let alone take

risks doing something unusual.

All in all, people who get final success actually do try things and take

risks, but actually their risky behavior is based on what they have already know

well. So the basic step for their success is to do familiar things well. This

must be the philosophy of any successful people, and, is should also be the

philosophy of all of us as well.

tpo20写作范文篇五

托福写作TPO20真题文本及解析下载

智课网TOEFL备考资料

托福写作TPO20真题文本及解析下载

摘要： 这次为大家分享的是TPO写作1-34中的托福写作TPO20真题文本及解析下载，内容包含综合写作和独立写作两部分，其中综合写作部分包含阅读和听力原文以及翻译，独立写作部分包含题目和高分范文，是非常完整的，考生们可以下载使用。

今天小编为大家准备的资料是 托福 写作TPO20真题文本及解析下载，你还在背诵高分范文么?太OUT了，我们一起来看看这份资料的可看之处吧。

TPO20

Question:

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Successful people try new things and take risks rather than only doing what they know how to do well.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Sample:

We are all interested to find out how successful people gain success. A majority of people claim that successful

people tend to take risks and avoid only doing what they have already know. This statement is somewhat reliable since successful people indeed do something unusual. However, their unusual behavior is based on things that have been known for a long time.

Let’s take Albert Einstein as the first example. As we all know, he invented the theory of Quantum Mechanics, which is so different from what we have already known in physics. This theory led to his personal success in the field of

theoretical physics. However, almost all of us ignore the fact that he also did really well in traditional physics. He made his discovery based on his research on traditional physics. A more recent example is Steve Jobs, who is the chief

executive officer of Apple. We usually oversee his achievement in the innovative Apple system and applications. In fact, without deep knowledge of basic computer system or electronic devices, he cannot put his innovation into use. Actually, successful people do take risks after they have done what they have known for sure. Basic things can provide proof for innovative actions. Before taking risks, we just need to evaluate the risks and its proof. Anything in the world should have solid proof, or it can never become reality. To become successful, we just need to learn better about basic things, or things we have already known well, in the first place. Just as Steve and Albert, suppose they have no background knowledge at all, how can they take risks challenging?

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阅读材料：

In the United States, it had been common practice since the late 1960s not to suppress natural forest fires. The “let it burn” policy assumed that forest fires would burn themselves out quickly, without causing much damage. However, in the summer of 1988, forest fires in Yellowstone, the most famous national park in the country, burned for more than two months and spread over a huge area, encompassing more than 800,000 acres. Because of the large scale of the damage, many people called for replacing the “let it burn” policy with a policy of extinguishing forest fires

as soon as they appeared. Three kinds of damage caused by the “let it burn” policy were emphasized by critics of the policy.

在美国，从 1960 年代末开始就非常普遍地对森林大火采取不扑灭的策略。这种“随它燃烧”的策略认为森林大火可以在不造成太多损失的情况下迅速燃烧完。 然后，1988 年发生在美国最出名的黄石国家公园的森林大火却整整燃烧了两个 月，蔓延了 80 万英亩。鉴于这次造成的巨大损失，很多人主张取消“随它燃烧” 的策略，转而开始全力扑灭森林大火的策略。评论家们提供了三个由“随它燃烧” 策略造成的损害来支持自己的观点。

First, Yellowstone fires cause tremendous damage to the parks trees and other vegetation. When the fires finally died out, nearly one third of Yellowstone’s land had been scorched. Trees were charred and blackened from flames and smoke. Smaller plants were entirely incinerated. What had been a national treasure now seemed like a devastated wasteland.

首先，黄石大火给公园里的树木以及其他植物造成了巨大的损失。当火燃尽的时 候，黄石公园接近三分之一的面积已成焦土。火焰烧焦树木，浓烟熏黑树木。小 型植物则被彻底烧成灰烬。当看到宝贵的国家财富成为一片荒地的时候，会是何种感觉?

Second, the park wildlife was affected as well. Large animals like deer and elk were seen fleeing the fire. Many smaller species were probably unable to escape. There was also concern than the destruction of habitats and the disruption of food chains would make it impossible for the animals that survived the fire to return.

第二，公园的野生动物也遭到了伤害。像鹿或者麋鹿这些大型动物在火灾中都逃 脱了，但是很多小型动物却不能逃脱。同时，大火还破坏了动物的栖息地并打乱 了食物链，这使得当或在结束之后，逃离的动物也无法回来栖息于此。

Third, the fires compromised the value of the park as a tourist attraction, which in turn had negative consequences for the local economy. With several thousand

acres of the park engulfed in flames, the tourist season was cut short, and a large number of visitors decided to stay away. Of course, local businesses that depended on park visitors suffered as a result.

第三，火灾会降低公园对游客的吸引力，进而对当地的经济造成不良的影响。由 于数千英亩的土地被火焰吞没，旅游旺季缩短了，而很多游客都会选择放弃游览 黄石公园。当地的经济对于旅游业依赖很大，自然会受到负面影响。

阅读部分需要提取的观点是：

-­­ Main point: 专家主张废除“随它燃烧”的策略

-­­ Sub point 1: 会对国家公园的植物造成伤害

-­­ Sub point 2: 会对国家公园的动物造成伤害

-­­ Sub point 3: 火灾会降低公园对游客的吸引力

听力材料：

Actually, fires are natural part of ecological cycle and their role is not just destructive but also creative. That is why the “let it burn” policy is fundamentally a good one, even if it sometimes causes fires of the 1988 Yellowstone fire. Let’s look at what happened after 1988 fire.

事实上，森林大火是生态系统的组成部分，而且大火的角色不仅仅是破坏性的， 同时也是建设性的。这就是为什么“随它燃烧”政策基本上是正确的，尽管它导 致了 1988 年黄石大火。让我们看看 1988 大火之后发生了什么。

First, vegetation. As you might imagine, scorched areas were in time colonized by

new plants. As a matter of fact, the plants in Yellowstone became more diverse because the fire created an

opportunity for certain plants that could not grow otherwise. For example, areas where the trees have been destroyed by the fire could now be taken over by smaller plants that needed open and shaded space to grow. And another

example, seeds of certain plants species won’t germinate unless they’re exposed to very high levels of heat. So, those plants started appearing after the fire as well.

首先，对于植物来说。你们可以想到，那些烧焦的地方随着时间的发展都会被新 的植物覆盖。而且事实上，因为大火给一些本来难以生长的种类得以发芽，黄石 的植物因此变得更具多样性。比如，原来长满树木的地方因为火灾遭到破坏，但 现在那里长满了需要开阔而阴凉空间的小型植物。另一个例子是，一些植物的种 子只有经受过非常高的温度之后才能够发芽。所以，这些植物会在大火之后开始 生长。

It’s a similar story with the animals. Not only did their populations recover, but the fire also created new

opportunities. For instance, the small plants that replaced trees after the fire created an ideal habitat for certain small animals like rabbits and hares. And when rabbits and hares started thriving, so did some predators that depended on them for food. So, certain food chains actually became stronger after the fire than they were before.

动物的情况也类似。不但动物的数量会逐步回复，而且大火会给动物的生长带来 新的机会。比如，那些在火

灾之后取代原有树木的小型植物给一些小型动物提供 了极佳的栖息地，比如兔子。当兔子的数量开始变多，那么以它们为食的捕食者 的数量也会增加。所以，大火过后，相应的食物链会变得比之前更加稳定。

And last, fires like 1988 Yellowstone fire would be a problem for tourism if they happened every year. But they don’t. It was a very unusual combination of factors

that year, low rainfall, unusually strong winds, accumulation of dry undergrowth that caused fire to be so massive. This combination has not occurred since and Yellowstone has not seen such a fire since 1988. Visitors came back to the park next year and each year after that.

最后，只要 1988 年的黄石大火不是每年都发生，那么就不会对旅游业造成巨大 问题。而事实上，也确实不会每年发生。大火的发生是在那一年诸多因素和偶然 的相互作用。比如，降水少、罕见的大风，以及干燥的低层植被的聚集导致了那 次大火规模空前。但是这些因素没有再次聚合，而黄石公园自1988年开始也没有出现过这样规模的火灾。游客在大火第二年的时候就会恢复，而且这种趋势会保持下去。

听力部分需要提取的观点是：

-­­ Main point: “随它燃烧”政策基本上是正确的

-­­ Sub point 1: 植物会在大火之后恢复而且生长的更好

-­­ Sub point 2: 动物也会在大火之后恢复，食物链会更加稳定

-­­ Sub point 3: 只有每年都发生火灾才会影响当地旅游业，但是从 1988 年后再也 没有发生

例文(仅供参考)

The reading passage argues that the "let it burn" policy should be replaced by the policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. However, the professor raises serious counter arguments against the reading paragraph by providing three aspects as listed below:

First, according to the speaker, the natural forest fires are a cycle of creative even

they have a large scale of the damage, and after the fires, new plants which became more diverse than before

existed in the Yellowstone. For example, some big plants were replaced by the small ones appeared in the Yellowstone due to the open and shaded lands. Another example is that it was a better place for certain seeds thanks to the high level of the heat. This point directly contradicts what the passage indicates.

Second, the reading passage states that the fire was a destruction of habitats and the disruption of the food chain. The professor, however, stated that the population had already recovered, and created some ideal habitats for the small animals such as rabbits and hares. Moreover, since the rabbits and hares began to live there, the predators who lived on them came to live in the Yellowstone, too. Therefore, certain food chain was stronger than before. This is another point where the listening opposes the reading passage.

Third, quite different from what had been stated in the reading passage, the lecturer said that the fire in 1988 was quite unusual and it did not happen every year. Moreover, the massive fire was caused by the low rain fall and the

strong wind, which would not occur again. Besides, the victors still come back to the Yellowstone next year and each year after that. This point refutes the view stated in the reading passage.

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