introduction范文

introduction范文篇一

英语论文introduction

英文论文引言的写作技巧Introduction

学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画。引言尽管不像摘要那样有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式，但在内容和结构模式上也有需要遵循的规律。本章首先介绍这些规律，然后探讨需要掌握的语言技巧。

引言的内容与结构布局

引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项：

介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等;

对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较；

指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义；

说明自己研究课题的目的；

概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。

如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚，并非容易之事。经验告诉我们，引言其实是全文最难写的—部分。这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度，作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏，研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题，都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。

我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排(如图8.1所示)。第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与意义；第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容；最后是引言的结尾，可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。

第一层：

1) Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development……………………………………………………………

2) Reviewing previous research in this area……………………………………………………

第二层： Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant

question ………………………………………………………………………………… 第三层：Specifying the purpose of your research…………………………………

第四层：

1) Announcing your major findings ………………………………………

2) Outlining the contents of your paper ……………………………………

图8.1 引言的结构布局之一

值得注意的是，引言中各个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别。这一点与摘要大不一样，摘要中的目的、方法、结果、结论四项内容各自所占的篇幅大体比例一样(见7.2节)。而在引言中，第一个层次往往占去大部分篇幅。对研究背景和目前的研究状况进行较为详细的介绍。研究目的可能会比较简短。

引言与摘要还有一点不同的是，摘要中必须把主要研究结果列出，而在引言中(如果摘要与正文一同登出)结果则可以省略不写，这是因为正文中专门有一节写结果(results)，不必在引言中重复。

introduction范文篇二

introduction写作方法及技巧

科技学术论文Introduction

引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，性质与意义，动机与目的、主要理论根据及其基本原理等，同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果、存在问题和知识空白，以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性，叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新，但应注意掌握适当的范围和尺度，一般来说仅需要介绍极密切的有关史料即可，不宜泛泛赘述大量历史文献，否则会造成Introduction长而乏味。

first：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性

second：强调有必要解决存在的问题

third：介绍作者自己的研究内容、提出创新性

逻辑的连贯

内容的创新

词汇简洁

时态

1. What is an introduction?

The introduction section shows the questions that should be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”.

2. What’s the purpose of the introduction?

The introduction comes at the start of a piece of writing. Without this part, the reader cannot easily understand the more detailed information about the research that comes later in the thesis.

It introduces:

（1）.the research by situating it (by giving background),

（2）.presenting the research problem , and saying how and why this problem will be solved ,

（3）.explaining why the research is being done. (ratio'nale) which is crucial for the reader to understand the significance of the study.

3. How should I start?

You may want to start your introduction by describing the problem you are trying to solve, or the aim of your work

4. How to build a model of introduction?

Read the following introduction and decide what the author tells us in each sentence.

5. The model of introduction.

(1) establishes the importance of this research topic

确立研究主题的重要性

(2) provides general background information for the reader.

为读者提供总体的背景信息

(3) in a more specific/detailed way, using research references to support both the background facts and the claim for significance.

与第1、2句的做法一样，但是更具体

(4) describes the general problem area or the current research focus of the field.

描述了所研究领域的一般性问题或当前的研究焦点

(5) provides a transition between the general problem area and the literature review

提供了总体问题领域到文献综述之间的一个过渡

(6) provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.

概述了此研究领域重要的研究项目

(7) describes a gap in the research

描述了已有研究的空白

(8) describes the paper itself

描述了论文本身的工作

(9) gives details about the methodology{introduction范文}.

详细描述了论文中所用的方法

(10) announces the findings

公布了论文的结论

6. Four components of a model.

（1）Establish the importance of your field

Provide background/ facts/information (possibly from research)

Define the terminology in the title/key words

Present the problem area/current research focus

确立研究领域的重要性

提供背景事实或信息（有可能来自现有文献）

定义题目或关键词中的术语

给出所研究问题的范畴或目前的研究重点

（2）Previous and/or current research and contributions

前期的研究或目前的研究及其贡献

（3）Locate a gap in the research{introduction范文}.

Describe the problem you will address

Present a prediction to be tested

确定已有研究工作的空白；

描述你要解决的问题

呈现要验证的预测

（4）Describe the present paper

描述现在的论文

7.Grammar and writing skills.

语法 时态 写作技巧

8. Vocabulary

词汇的简洁

举例三篇文章：1.Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis of hepatotoxicity induced by triptolide in Wistar rats

在Wistar大鼠中，通过基因表达谱和通路分析由雷公藤甲素诱导的肝毒性

引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉，例如本文中，简要说明课题的缘起与背景， TP的性质

Triptolide (diterpenoid triepoxide, TP), purified from the shrublike vine Tripterygium wilfondii Hook F (TWHF)

与药理学意义

possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities 实验的动机

However, clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems

目的

we hypothesized that liver is a major toxic target of TP treatment. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the mechanism of TP-induced hepatotoxicity from a safety point of view.

the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.

主要理论根据及其基本原理

Considering that microarray technology is recognized as a reliable toxicologica method to determine mechanisms of drug-induced toxicity, identify biomarkers and to predict chemical toxicity.Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.

同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果

possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities (Chen, 2001; Huynh et al., 2000; Panichakul et al., 2006).

have emerged as treatments of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nephritis, leprosy and asthma (Lipsky and Tao, 1997; Liu et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2010).

clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems (Hikim et al., 2000; Ni et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2011).

Recently, hepatotoxicity induced by various extracts of TWHF in animals and humans has been reported by many researches (He et al., 2006; Mei et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007)

To date, only mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and hepatocyte apoptosis were proposed to be involved in TP-induced liver injury (Fu et al., 2011; Mei et al., 2005; Yao et al., 2008).等

存在问题和知识空白

Hepatic differential gene expression was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarray analysis for over-represented functions and phenotypically anchored to complementary histopathologic, biochemical, and dosimetry data in the liver. The results indicate that TP affects diverse cellular pathways, including insulin signaling pathway, glucose metabolism, cell cycling, oxidative stress and apoptosis. These data provide a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TP-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as useful information for predicting drug hepatotoxicity.

以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性，叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新，

Triptolide (diterpenoid triepoxide, TP), purified from the shrublike vine Tripterygium wilfondii Hook F (TWHF), possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities (Chen, 2001; Huynh et al., 2000; Panichakul et al., 2006). Recently, the methanol/chloroform (T2) and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts of TWHF, in which TP was identified as the principal active compound, have emerged as treatments of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nephritis, leprosy and asthma (Lipsky and Tao, 1997; Liu et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2010). However, clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems (Hikim et al., 2000; Ni et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2011).

Recently, hepatotoxicity induced by various extracts of TWHF in animals and humans has been reported by many researches (He et al., 2006; Mei et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007). Besides, Liu et al., (2010) found that potential hepatotoxicity in rats treated with TP for 28 days was associated with increasing levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (Liu et al., 2010). Moreover, it was reported that oral administration of TP to rats could lead to liver injury or even death (Fu et al., 2011). In addition to this, our previous investigation showed that the concentration of TP found in liver exceeds those observed in other tissues, such as spleen, lung, heart, and kidney (unpublished data). On account of this, we hypothesized that liver is a major toxic target of TP treatment. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the mechanism of TP-induced hepatotoxicity from a safety point of view.

Unfortunately, its underling mechanisms are still insufficiently recognized. To date, only mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and hepatocyte apoptosis were proposed to be involved in TP-induced liver injury (Fu et al., 2011; Mei et al.,

2005; Yao et al., 2008). Considering that microarray technology is recognized as a reliable toxicologica method to determine mechanisms of drug-induced toxicity, identify biomarkers and to predict chemical toxicity (Lee et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011). Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.

Here, we describe genome-wide gene expression in the TP-exposed Wistar female rat liver. Differential gene expression was evaluated in 6-week-old female Wistar rat livers following 14 days of continuous exposure to large doses of TP. Hepatic differential gene expression was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarray analysis for over-represented functions and phenotypically anchored to complementary histopathologic, biochemical, and dosimetry data in the liver. The results indicate that TP affects diverse cellular pathways, including insulin signaling pathway, glucose metabolism, cell cycling, oxidative stress and apoptosis. These data provide a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TP-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as useful information for predicting drug hepatotoxicity.

2.综述

Blood vessels, a potential therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis?

血管，类风湿性关节炎潜在的治疗靶标？

Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be defined as a disease of the blood vessels, both micro- and macro-vessels. The formation of new micro-vessels is in fact necessary to afford the nutritional supply to proliferating synovial pannus, while macro-vessels are the site where accelerated atherosclerosis driven by disease’s systemic inflammation develops. New vessels formation on one side, and atherosclerotic plaque progression on the other, might seem two different biological phenomena, the first related to the articular involvement of the disease, the second to its main systemic complication. In this context, targeting blood vessels in RA might mean either attempting to reduce synovial vascular supply starving the synovial pannus limiting its proliferation or, in the other case, trying to limit macro-vessels’ damage outside the joint. In this review we will analyse the possibility of targeting synovial microvessels to treat rheumatoid arthritis, but we will discuss as well the evidence supporting a link between micro- and macro-vascular involvements in RA. 综述的介绍，介绍所提到物质的基本概念，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，RA与血管生成相关，与血管生成的必要性，在这里，说明该文章立题的主要依据与主要原理，并提出在此综述中接下来会说到的内容，如：作者将分析滑膜微血管治疗类风湿关节炎的可能性，且讨论，血管与RA微观和宏观之间联系的证据。概念由浅入深，词汇简介，介绍基本概念时使用一般时态，提到文章后续会介绍的内容时使用将来时，对未来内容的展望。

3.介绍功能性文章

Dissection of TNF Receptor 1 Effector Functions: JNK Activation Is Not Linked to Apoptosis While NF-kB Activation Prevents Cell Death

肿瘤坏死因子受体1的效应功能：NF-kB的活化阻止细胞死亡，JNK活化未关联凋亡

introduction范文篇三

Personal introduction个人介绍

Personal introduction

Good afternoon, my dear teachers,my dear professors:

It’s my great honor to be here today. I really appreciate that you can give me this opportunity, please let me have a brief introduction of myself.

First of all, I’d like to introduce myself to you. My name is Wangyujun, 22 years old, born in Qingyangcity,an old revolutionary base areas. Three years ago, I graduated from my senior high school and then attached myself to the Gansu Agriculture University. My major is GIS, that is to say, learning with the geographic information system about professional software, such as: ARCGIS, MAPGIS, ERDAS, CAD and computer programming language. I am open-minded, willing and have broad interests like football and

communication. When I’m a sophomore, served as a monitor, fully cooperate with the teacher do well the teaching work, act as teachers and students

exchange link, and actively help the classmates to call away the university life in anguish, with my classmates to share among themJoy and worry, let class has been in a harmonious atmosphere. As college of resources and environment for students' party branch committee, at the same time also served as the class commissary in charge of studies, As a bridge between teachers and students, with teachers to improve the teaching work, to help students to learn,in the third year.

Although I have broad interests in many aspects and grasp the essential knowledge of the major, but I think at present, I can do many things in a

superficial level, but not be competent to do things professionally owing to lack of ample knowledge and ability. So I think further study is still urgent for me to realize self-value. The major that I hope pursue for my further education is Land resources management. Because I find the resources and land become more and more lack in our country. I plan to concentrate on study and research in this field in my graduate time.

Also I’m not the best one,butI’m one of the best,give me a chance I can make a difference,so teachers and professors,I really look forward to this opportunity.

That’s all .Thank you very much. Thank you for being here with me.

introduction范文篇四

self-introduction 大全

Hot topic—Self-introduction

① Volunteer wanted(招募自愿者) for an International English

Summer Camp:

As a boy of 17, I am outgoing, good at English and have the experience of working well with children aged from 7 to 12. I think it is a kind of win-win activity. For one thing, I can help take care of the children. For another thing, I can improve my English, make my friends, and enrich my life during the summer vacation.

② Apply for the position of a part-time assistant

I am a student of No.12 Secondary School, which is only five minutes’ walk from your company. According to the advertisement, you need a multi-lingual (会说多国语言的) person with some experience. Chinese is my mother tongue, and I have a good command of English. What’s more, I can communicate in French. As for experience, I worked part time as a waiter in a pizza hut. Therefore, I am confident that you will find my service satisfactory.

③ Apply for the position of a secretary

Dear sir,

Please consider me as an applicant for the position of the secretary which you describe in your advertisement in the newspaper of July 5.

I’ve just graduated from Shanghai Commercial College in which I 主修) Import and Export Trading. English happened to be my

favorite and best subject at school. My English scores were always on the top ten of my class of fifty. I have learned to operate telex machine and computer and I can type either in English or in Chinese. Although I have no other work experience than a two-year part-time job in an export company in summer, I am willing to work hard and learn.

I’d very much appreciate the chance to talk with you and to get your opinion on whether I am qualified for the job you offer.

敬启者：

本人欲申请贵公司7月5日在报上刊登招聘秘书一职。请予以考虑。

本人刚从上海商学院毕业，所学专业是进出口贸易。在学校，我喜欢英语，成绩总在全班五十人中前十名之内。我会操作电传机及电脑，擅长中英文打字，虽然除了暑假在一家出口公司兼职工作两年之外无其他工作经验，但我极愿努力工作、不断学习。

如有机会与你面谈，我将十分感谢。希望能知道我是否适合担任你们所要求的工作。

④ Apply for the position of a tour guide

（A=Applicant I=Interviewer）

I: It says here that you graduated from Beijing Normal University with a major in English Language and Literature.

A: Right. Then you may think that I am not fit for this job according to my educational background.

I: Yes.

A: But I want to be a tour guide very much because I like traveling and meeting various kinds of people. So I took an evening course at the Tourism School of Beijing after graduation and I have gotten a qualification certificate.

I: So you must be an extravert?

A: Yes, I always enjoy being with a group of people and chatting with them.

I: What do you think are the responsibilities of a tourist guide?

A: A tourist guide must be responsible for arranging and coordinating tour activities, and offering service of transportation, accommodation, sightseeing, shopping and entertainment.

I: Don’t you consider it a hard work?

A: Hard but interesting, I think.

I: Have you any experience as a tourist guide?

A: Yes, I usually guided foreign tourists around Beijing when I was in University.

I: Have you ever learned any other foreign languages other than English?

A: Yes, I have learned a little French and Japanese as well.

I: 上面说你毕业于北京师范大学英语语言文学专业。

A: 对。你可能认为我的教育背景并不适合这份工作。

I: 是的。

A: 但是我很想当一名导游，因为我喜欢旅游，也喜欢和各种各样的人打交道，所以毕业后我参加了北京旅游学院的夜校，而且已经获得了资格证书。

I: 看来你是个外向的人？

A: 对，我喜欢和大家一起畅谈。

I: 你认为导游的职责是什么？

A: 作为一名导游要安排和协调旅游活动，并为游客提供交通、膳宿、观光、购物和娱乐服务。

I: 你不认为这是一份非常辛苦的工作吗？

A: 虽然艰苦但很有趣。

I: 你有做导游的工作经验吗？

A: 有，在大学期间我经常带领外国游客游览北京。

I: 除了英语，你还学过别的外国语吗？

A:也学过一些法语和日语。

⑤◆I hope you can give me a definite answer as soon as possible. 我希望你能尽快给我一个明确的答复。

◆Are there still any vacancies?

还有空缺吗？

◆ I will make an announcement to remind them that they should check their belongings.

我会提醒他们检查他们的携带物品。

introduction范文篇五

英文论文范例

CONTENTS

（以上字体Times New Roman, 小3号；加粗）

（以下字体均为：Times New Roman；小4号；行距：1.5倍） ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Abstract (in English)…………………………………………………………………..1 Abstract (in Chinese) ………………………………………………………………….1

Ⅰ Introduction………………………………………………………………………...1

1.1Multi-Media With Erroneous Zones………………………………………………1

1.1.1 Erroneous Zone 1……………………………………………………………2

1.1.2 Erroneous Zone 2……………………………………………………………2

1.1.3 Erroneous Zone 3……………………………………………………………2

1.1.4 Erroneous Zone 4……………………………………………………………3 ⅡCountermeasures………………………………………………………………….3

2.1 Unsuitable Operation ……………………………………………………………4

2.2 Over stimulation In Courseware…………………………………………………4

2.3 Vague Content with Automatical Transformation…………………………………5

2.4 Neglect Of Teachers’ Function……………………………………………………5

ⅢConclusion…………………………………………………………………………..6

3.1 Prospect in English Teaching……………………………………………………...6

3.2 Personal Opinions of Further Research……………………………………………6{introduction范文}.

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………….7 DECLARATION

Discussion on the Application of Multi-media

In English Teaching

（字体：Times New

Abstract: With the rapid development of computer and popularization of the network, the present teaching pattern that still uses traditional teaching method “one chalk, one blackboard” seems to be unable to meet the requirements in the present society any longer, and English teaching is no exception. The introduction of the multi-media teaching method to the English class has been one of the tendencies to the development of English teaching. But the misuse of the modern tools will surely result in the bad effect to English teaching. So English teachers should take an active part in the research of how to use the multi-media teaching method in English teaching and try to avoid its misuses.

Key words: multi-media; English teaching; overcome

（英文摘要和关键词都是两边对齐；5号字；行距：单倍； 字体：Times New Roman；

“Abstract” 和 “Key words” 两个词或词组要加粗）

（关键词之间用分号隔开；词与词之间相隔一个英文字符）

（空一行）

摘要：随着电脑和网络的迅速发展，那种“一盒粉笔，一块黑板”的传统教学模式的应用已远远不能满足现代社会对教学的需要。英语教学也不例外。怎样将多媒体运用于英语教学已成为教育趋势，但是一旦错误使用多媒体英语教学，将导致教学障碍从而给英语教学带来负面效果。英语教学者应当积极从事研究与克服多媒体英语教学的弊端。（300字以内） 关键词：多媒体；英语教学；克服

（英文摘要和关键词都是两边对齐；5号字；行距：单倍； 字体：楷体；“摘要”和“关键

词”两个词或词组要加粗）

（关键词之间用分号隔开） Roman；小3号字；居中；加粗）

（空一行）

І Introduction （一级标题4号字；字体：Times New Roman；加粗） （以下正文均为：小4号字；字体：Times New Roman；行距：1.5倍）

The application of multi-media in English teaching has broken the traditional

teaching pattern “one chalk, one blackboard”. It processes the words, images, voice and animation and other information by the computer and forms an all-around teaching system. It is not only a good medicine to the Chinese student with their mute English but also benefit to the improvement of students’ language ability and students’ subjective initiative shall be fully developed. It can improve teaching efficiency and teaching quality effectively.

1.1 Erroneous Zones in the Use of Multi-Media

（二级标题小4号；字体：Times New Roman；加粗）

Multi-media teaching is a brand news teaching model and poses a new challenge to teachers. If it is used improperly or used with erroneous zones in rational knowledge, it can bring much bad effect to the teaching.

1.1.1 The use of the multi-media as the leading teaching methods (与二级标题相同；加粗)

There are many outstanding strong points in multi-media teaching comparing with the traditional teaching. But it is not valid everywhere. It has both advantages and disadvantages. Some teachers cannot see the advantages and disadvantages of the multi-media in their teaching and cannot exploit to the fully the multi-media’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones. They cannot use the multi-media and ignore the function of teacher. The multi-media teaching programs of theirs are only the accumulation of letters, images, and the contents of books, just like a refurbished version of the book. There is no innovation in their class. They just show the multi-media teaching program in their English class and teacher just like a projectionist. Teacher become the slave of the multi-media and cannot be as the leading teaching main subject.

1.1.2 The change of the “Teacher Teaching” into “Machine Teaching” and the ignorance of the main teaching status of students

The multi-media teaching encourages students to combine speaking and practice and to strengthen the memory. But some teachers consider that advanced teaching methods must bring the advanced teaching ideas. Some teachers use the

multi-media as the teaching tools. Teacher still acts as the center of the teaching and students are still the passive accepter. Force-feed type educates still give full play to their remarkable skill (Bernard, 1995；210). (夹注方法：1. 写出作者的姓名（英语学者用last name，中国学者用其姓名的全称）加逗号；2. 作品出版时间加分号；

3. 参考作品的页码) （夹注内容应放在应放在标点符号之前）

1.1.3 The replacement of the Student-to-Teacher with Student-to-Machine.

There is a very friendly interface in the multi-media teaching program. Students can choose different study content according to their own practical study standard and their own interests. But this does not mean that teacher can give up. Teaching is a mutual activity to both teacher and students. Teacher and students can communicate with each other by talk, information commutation and feedback to implement teaching plan and accomplish teaching target (Christopher, 1986: 46). If the multi-media is used blindly in teaching processing, only think a lot of student-to-machine talk and ignore the student-to-teacher communication, the relation between the student and teacher will become dim as time passes. Further more, the relation between the student and teacher will become dim as time passes. Further more, the multi-media will be cold reception by students. The enchantment of the class does not exist any more and the teaching effect is seriously influenced. How we can make the best use of the multi-media teaching program and how to improve our teaching effect is left to every teacher.

1.1.4 The misunderstanding of multi-media method

Some teachers pursue the newest high technology and braveness simply, make the teaching program to the achievement exhibition of the multi-media teaching and cannot use the multi-media to put the axe in the helve that cannot be solved in the traditional teaching. They do not look the multi-media as the assistant teaching tool. They make the multi-media teaching program very beautiful and flaming, but this just detracts students’ attention and bothers students’ observation. We must know that the multi-media assistant teaching is not only the art, but also the science. As the assistant English teaching software, solving the problems met in English teaching should be the

primary. We should look the actual effect of the software, not emphasis on the eyewash.

Ⅱ Countermeasures （一级标题4号字；字体：Times New Roman；加粗）

The countermeasures are the measures and the remedies which the educators can take measures to correct the misunderstandings or misusing of multi-media English teaching.

2.1 （二级标题小4号；字体：Times New Roman；加粗）

Take the man as the primary and adopt the advantages of the multi-media. When we make the multi-media teaching program, we must know that it is only and can be only the assistant teaching tool for our teaching. Students and teacher should be always the primary. Teacher is the leading and students are the principal part. With the interposition of multi-media, teacher is less participated in the class and students are more active in the class. But this does not mean that teacher is not the leading any longer, Teacher is always the designer of the class, exponential of the study and the organizer of the class. The teaching art is improved. Teacher should pay more attention to giving students advices. Further more, teacher should set up his own teaching style in his multi-media teaching program to make his lessons more vivid and vigorous. Every teacher must not be controlled by the multi-media. The multi-media teaching program is not the repeat of the hook, not the relish of the lessons, it is the re-creation which can meet the requirement of teaching contents and students' practical cites by teacher.

2.2 Pay attention to actual effect and be intent on nothing but usefulness. Although computer has the function of multi-media and super-media, it can only be a media in teaching program. Some teachers take it as all-media. They cannot look the multi-media computer all round from the sides of media. They use computer to complete every thing they can do. The blackboard is only the ornament within their vision and computer becomes another book to students. As we all know, the function of the multi-media does not always work. We must think over when, where and how

introduction范文篇六

英文论文Introduction的写作技巧-2015-0126

英文论文Introduction的写作技巧

—as a "hook" to attract the readers

学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画（The purpose of the Introduction is to stimulate the reader’s interest and to provide pertinent background information necessary to understand the rest of the paper.Without an introduction it is sometimes very difficult for your audience to figure out what you are trying to say. There needs to be a thread of an idea that they will follow through your paper）。The introduction section shows the questions that should be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”. 1 引言的内容与结构布局

引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项：

1）介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等；

2）对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较；

3）指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义；

4）说明自己研究课题的目的；

5）概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。

如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚，并非容易之事。经验告诉我们，引言其实是全文最难写的—部分。这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度，作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏，研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题，都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。

我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排。第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与意义；第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容；最后是引言的结尾，可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。

第一层：1) Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development……2) Reviewing previous research in this area………

第二层： Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant{introduction范文}.

question ……………………………………………………………………………

第三层：Specifying the purpose of your research……………………………………………

第四层：1) Announcing your major findings …….2) Outlining the contents of your paper ………

需要注意的是，引言中各个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别。这一点与摘要大不一样，摘要中的目的、方法、结果、结论四项内容各自所占的篇幅大体比例一样。而在引言中，第一个层次往往占去大部分篇幅，对研究背景和目前的研究状况进行较为详细的介绍。研究目的可能会比较简短。

引言与摘要还有一点不同的是，摘要中必须把主要研究结果列出，而在引言中(如果摘要与正文一同登出)结果则可以省略不写，这是因为正文中专门有一节写结果(results)，不必在引言中重复。

比较简短的论文，引言也可以相对比较简短。为了缩短篇幅，可以用一两句话简单介绍一下某研究领域的重要性、意义或需要解决的问题等。接着对文献进行回顾。然后介绍自己的研究动机、目的和主要内容。至于研究方法、研究结果及论文的组成部分则可以完全省略，如：

第一层: Introducing the importance of the research area and reviewing previous Research……… 第二层: Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question …………………………………………

第三层: Specifying the purpose of your research………………………

可见，引言一般分为三到四个层次。每个层次都有各自的任务与目的。而在语言上也有各自的特点，掌握这些特点会使写作过程化难为易。下面将对引言各层次的写作特点和技巧分别加以介绍。

2 如何写引言的开头

引言开头(即第一层)最主要目的是告诉读者论文所涉及的研究领域及其意义是什么，研究要解决什么问题，目前状况或水平如何。也就是说，开头要回答如下问题：

1、 What is the subject of the research?

2、 What is the importance of this subject?

3、 How is the research going at present?

4、 In what way is it important, interesting, and worth studying?

5、 What problem does the research solve?{introduction范文}.

下面列举几段例子，以说明引言开头如何开门见山点明研究主题，回答以上问题。

例Purple loosestrife (紫千曲菜) is a wetland plant which invaded North America in the early 1800s. It is well established in the United States and Canada with serious infestations in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence regions.

研究主题是purple loosestrife。这种植物之所以值得研究（意义），是因为它严重侵扰了五大湖区及圣劳伦斯地区。

例Forecast of the tracks of hurricanes (飓风)have improved steadily over the past three decades, owing to a combination of better observations and much improved numerical models. These improvements, along with advances in warning systems and preparedness for emergencies, have brought about a significant decline in loss of life.

研究主题是 forecast of the tracks of hurricanes(对飓风轨道的预测)。这一领域取得了进步，意义是大大减少人员伤亡损失。

例Environmental indicators(环境指数)attempt to accurately describe environmental conditions and make available scientifically valid information on environmental trends．

研究主题是environmental indicators。环境指数的意义是能够精确地描述环境状况，并能够提供关于环境倾向的科学、有效的信息。

例Acoustic problem occur extensively in long spaces. For example, in road or rail tunnels noise pollution is a serious problem, and in underground stations poor speech intelligibility of public address systems can cause misunderstanding of vital instructions during an emergency.

研究主题是acoustic problem of longs paces(长空间的声学问题)，例如，公路与铁路隧道上的噪声污染就是一个严重的问题。地铁站的广播系统语言清晰度差，造成在紧急状态下信息误解，因此，这个问题值得研究解决。

通过分析这些例子，还可以发现如下特点。

首先，关键词往往出现在第一句话，回答What is the research area? 这个问题，迅速将主题告诉读者，避免转弯抹角，影响信息传递。然后简单介绍该研究领域的意义。

第二，引言开头句子的谓语动词或者是一般现在时态，或者是现在完成时态。这是因为这些动词所描述的是某研究领域的现状，而不是过去的情况。

引言的开头常用句型有：

句型1：研究主题+谓语动词be… ．例

a．Fuel cell(燃料电池)is a technology for the clean and efficient conversion from chemical energy in fossil fuels to electricity．

句型2: 研究主题+ has become …

a. Semiconductor based industry (基于半导体的工业)has be come the largest industry for the USA and it has influenced every other industry and every aspect of human life.

b. The battery technology has become increasingly popular in automotive industry.

c. Forest decline has become a favorite topic for environmental studies.

句型3：研究主题 + be 过去分词（被动语态）

a. Synthetic polymers (聚合物) are widely used in contact with biological systems in applications such as medicine, biotechnology, food processing and natural water environment.

b. Air pollution has been extensively studied in recent years.

c. The causes of glaucoma have been widely investigated recently.

d. The importance of safe driving is now well established.

句型4: Recently, there has been growing interest in / concern about + 研究主题

a. Recently, there has been growing concern about waste-water biosolid, the residual organic matter produced during waste water treatment.

b. In the 1990s there has been growing interest in the development of electric vehicles in response to the public demand for cleaner air.

句型5: Recently there have / has been extensive / increasing /numerous publications / literature / reporting on + 研究领域

a. There have been numerous publications over the last ten years on the need for nursing education to keep pace with the increase in knowledge of biological science.

b. There has been increasing reporting about forest decline in North America.

句型6: Researchers have become increasingly interested in +研究领域 或:Researchers have recently focused their attention on +研究领域；Researchers are recently paying more attention to + 研究领域

a. Researchers have become more interested in environmental indicators.

b. Researchers are paying more attention to high pressure injection (高压喷射).

3 如何写研究动机与目的

在介绍了他人在某领域的工作和成果之后，下一步便介绍作者自己的研究动机、目的与内容。介绍研究动机可以从两个角度人手，一是指出前人尚未解决的问题或知识的空白，二是说明解决这一问题，或填补知识空白的重要意义。

主要句型有：

句型1：用表示否定意义的词例little，few，no或none of+名词作主语。如：例

a．Little information／attention／work／research„

b．Few studies／investigations／researchers／attempts„

c．No studies／data／calculations„

d．None of these studies／findings／calculations„

注意：

(1)little后面的名词是不可数名词，而few后面是可数名词，而且是复数形式。

(2)no后面直接用名词(可数或不可数名词)，