proposal范文

proposal范文篇一

Business_Proposal常用句型 及范文

Tips on Writing (注意事项)

√ 建议书要以事实为根据撰写

√ 提出的建议要具体，操作性要强。

√ 对采纳建议能带来的好处既要写的乐观，也要防止吹嘘。

√ 非自发性建议书中的项目投标书，作为一种营运文件，用于一项任务开发之前，往往需

要附有预算表。

Useful Words and Phrases（单词和短语）

A. Words (单词)

annually

benefit

bidder

concrete

convincing

diagram

disqualify

economize

elaborate

escalation

evaluate

exhibit

favorable

formula

hypothesis

impartial

inquiry

logical adv. 每年 n. 益处 n. 投标方 adj. 具体的 adj. 令人信服的 n. 图表 v. 取消资格 v. 节省 v. 阐述 n. 提价 v. 评估 n. 正表 adj. 有利的；积极的 n. 公式 n. 假设 adj. 公正的 n. 询价 adj.

逻辑的

negative

objective

offer

optimize

qualification

quotation

recommendation

regulation

statistics

teleconference

tenderee

zoning adj. 负面的 adj. 可观的 v. 发价 v. 优化 n. 资格 n. 报价 n. 推荐；建议 n. 规章制度 n. 统计（数据） n. 电话会议 n. 招标方 n.

区域划分

B. Phrases （常用短语）

acceptance criteria 接受标准

bid opening 开标

budget forecasting 预算

constructive proposal 建设性意见

cooperative project 合作项目

costing presentation 成本核算

executive summary 建议大纲；执行总结

form of tender 投标书

general contactor 总承包商

in view of 鉴于

invitation to tender 招标

license fees 执照费用

letter of guarantee 银行保证书

local labor cost 本地劳务费用

long-range planning 长期规划

operating expenses 运营费用

primary source 原始资料

profit margin 利润率

return on investment 投资收益率

return on assets 资产收益率

revenue Taxes 营业税

secondary source 第二手资料

serial number 序列号

submission of tender 投标

terms of reference 职权范围

win the bidding 中标

Useful Sentences and Paragraphs（常用语句和段落）

A. Sentences （语句）

a. This proposal recommends a solution and provides budget and time schedule figures.

本建议书特别提出一个解决方案，并提供预算和时间安排。

b. The suggestion is based on the research I’ve done in the past few years, and I believe it will work well.

这个建议是我在前几年研究的基础上提出的，我相信会行得通。

c. I hope you will adopt this proposal.

我希望你能采取这个建议。

d. The following comparisons and evaluations form the basis of my recommendations.

以下的比较和评估是我提出建议的依据。

e. What we think is to reduce the wholesale price so as to make the retail price acceptable in China.

我认为应降低批发价格，这样才能使其零售价格被中国接受。

f. If we were to do this, we might reduce the threat of loss good managerial-level staff. 如果我们做这件事，我们就会减少流失优秀管理人员的危机。

g. I recommend that we purchases a company in East China rather than establish a new one in West China.{proposal范文}.

我建议我们在中国东部收购一家现有的公司，而不必在西部地区新建。

h. This is an area that needs to be addressed in the near future.

这一领域需要在近期内予以关注。

i. I strongly hope that the next year will promise a brighter prospect for our company. 我衷心祝愿我们公司来年取得更加辉煌的成就。

B. Paragraphs (段落)

a. As we agreed in our weekly staff meeting, our current file-serving computer is damaged beyond repair and must be replaced by the end of the week. The purpose of this document is to propose that NTR PC905 would make a practical replacement for our in-house file server.

如我们在每周员工例会中提到的一样， 我们现在的文件处理计算机已经损坏并无法修复了，所以必须在这周内替换。 写这篇材料的目的就是为了证明NTR PC905是我们替代原有室内文件处理器的经济之选。

b. We always agreed that one of the keys to our success as an accounting firm has been our ability to create new services related to emerging business trends. In this era of mergers and

acquisitions, we anticipate a growing need for management advisory and support services on the part of many companies vulnerable to takeover or buyout. Therefore, I proposed that we create a special management consulting team whose goal would be to help such companies remain independent.

我们明白会计事务所成功的法宝之一就是适应经济发展趋势提供新的服务。在这个并购不断的时代里，那些容易被接管或收购的公司对管理咨询及管理支持服务的需要不断增长。因此，我建议我们应该成立一个新的管理咨询部门。成立这个新部门的目的就是为了帮助这些公司不被兼并。

c. This project will certainly support sustainable development. But it must not be forgotten that our future rests mainly upon urgently needed mental changes, and that the pedagogic effort required for that aim will play an utmost important role.

这个项目当然是符合可持续发展的要求的。但是我们不能忘记的是思想上的转变才是决定未来发展的主要因素，因此能够实现思想转变的教育应该被放在最重要的位置之上。 Sample Letter （信函范文） a.

To: Dr. John Lannon

From: T. Sorrells Deswoody

Date: March16, 2000

Subject: A Proposal for Determining the Feasibility of Marketing Dead Western White Pine

Introduction

Over the past four decades huge losses of western white pine have occurred in the Northern Rockies, primarily attributable to white pine blister rust and attack of the mountain pine beetle. Estimated annual mortality is 318 million board feet. Because of the low natural resistance of white pine to blister rust, the high mortality rate is expected to continue indefinitely.

Statement of Problem

White pine mortality results in a reduction in value of white pine stumpage, since the commercial lumber market will not accept it. The major implications of this problem are two: First, in the face of rising demand for wood, vast amounts of timber are not being used; second, dead trees are left to accumulate in the woods, where they are rapidly becoming a major fire hazard.

One possible solution to the problem of white pine mortality and waste is to search for markets other than the conventional lumber market. The last few years have been a burst of popularity and a growing demand for weathered barn board and wormy pine for interior paneling. Some firms around the country are marketing defective wood as specialty products (Note: These firms call the wood from which their products come “distressed”. This term will hereafter be used to refer to dead and defective white pine. ) There is a good possibility that distressed white pine might find a place in such a market.

My primary data sources will include consultations with Dr. James Hill, Professor of Wood Utilization, and Dr. Sven Bergman, Forest Economist — both members of the College of

Forestry, Wildlife, and Range. I will also inspect decks of dead white pine at several locations and visit a processing mill to evaluate it as a possible base of operations. I will round out my primary research with a letter and telephone survey of processors and wholesales of distressed material. Secondary sources will include selected publications on the uses of dead timber, and a review of and ongoing study by Dr. Hill concerning the uses of dead white pine.

I have been following Dr. Hill’s study on dead white pine for two years. In June of this year, I will receive my B. S. in forest management. I am familiar with wood milling processes and have had firsthand experience at logging. My association with Dr. Hill and Dr. Bergman creates the opportunity for an in-depth feasibility study.

Clearly, something should be done to reduce the vast accumulations of dead white pine in our forests. The land on which they stand is among the most productive forestland in northern Idaho. By addressing the six areas of inquiry mentioned earlier, I can determine the feasibility of directing capital and labor to the production of distressed white pine products. With your approval I will begin my research at once.

收件人：John Lannon博士

发件人：T. Sorrells Deswoody

日期：2000年3月16日

主题：西部五针松枯树的市场销售的可行性建议书

引言

在过去的４０年内，由于受到松疱锈病菌和山地松虫的袭击，北部的落基山脉损失了大量的西部五针松。据估计，每年木材损失额为318,000,000板英尺。由于五针松对松疱锈病菌的天然抵御能力很低，所以高死亡率很可能继续。

b.

Mary Wilson{proposal范文}.

Senior Education and training Officer

XYZ Corporation

69 North Charles Boulevard

Cambridge 02139

January 16, 2000

Dear Mary,

Thanks for sending along the outline for your writing workshop. Understandably, such an ambitious plan for eight hours of contact time would not likely produce noticeable results. Here’s what we’re doing on our end to design an approach that should be realistic and gratifying.

proposal范文篇二

怎样写好research proposal(中文)

大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。简单的说，一个人研究计划的好坏决定了其研究的好坏。一个构思欠佳的研究计划会毁了整个项目，即使它勉强通过了论文答辩委员会。另一方面，一个高质量的研究计划，不仅确保了研究项目的成功，你作为一个研究者的潜力也会给论文委员会留下一个好印象。

一个研究计划是为了说服别人你有一个有价值的研究计划，同时你有这个能力和相应的工作计划来完成它。总之，一个研究计划应包含所有研究过程中的关键步骤，同时也会给读者足够的信息来评估这个拟定的研究。

不论你的研究领域是什么，你选择了什么样的方法，所有的研究计划必须解决以下问题：你打算完成什么，为什么你要做这件事，以及你打算怎样去完成它。 研究计划应该有足够的信息来向你的读者证明你有一个重要的研究想法，你对相关文献和主要问题有很好的把握，同时你的方法是切实可行的。 研究计划的质量不仅取决于研究项目本身，同时也取决于你的计划书写作。一个好的研究项目也可能会有仅仅因为不好的写作而被否决的风险。因此，非常值得你去写得连贯，清晰并且令人信服。

这篇文章强调的是计划书的写作，而非研究思路的开展。

标题：

标题应该简明扼要。比如，“一个关于…的研究”，这样的句子就应该避免。通常，标题是表达功能关系，因为这样的标题清晰的表达了独立和相关的变量。然而，应尽可能，想一个内容翔实又吸引人的标题。一个有效的标题不仅会激发读者的兴趣，也预示了他们会喜欢这个计划。

摘要：

摘要是一个300字左右的简要归纳。它应该包括研究问题，研究的理论基础，假说（如有的话），方法以及主要发现。对方法的描述可能包括试验设计，步骤，样本，还有任何将被用到的手段。

引言：

引言的主要目的是为你的研究问题提供必要的背景。如何设定研究问题可能是计划书写作最难的部分。 如果研究问题被限定在一个概括的，不着边际的文献回顾里，研究问题就会显得琐碎和无趣。然而，如果同样的问题被设定在一个当前非常被关注的研究领域里，它的重要性就变得不言而喻了。 不幸的是，对如何设定你的研究问题并没有任何硬性规定，正如没有对如何写出有趣和翔实的开头段的规定一样。很大程度上要靠你自己的创造力，要取决于你清晰思维的能力和你对问题领域理解的深度。 首先，尝试着把你的研究问题放到当前的热门领域，或是一个陈旧但依然可行的领域；其次，你需要提供一个简要而适当的历史背景；再者，提供该问题的当下背景，在这里，你提出的研究问题应该是关注的焦点。最后，确定“关键角色”（key players），参考最相关和最有代表性的论文。总之，把你的研究问题放到

一个大的背景下，但同时体现出他的重要性。

引言一般以对该领域的简单描述开始，同时关注某一特定的研究问题，接下来是拟定研究的基本原理。

引言部分通常包含以下内容：

1. 描述该研究问题，一般也叫研究目的；

2. 为你的研究问题提供背景，设定其范围，以体现出它的必要性和重要性；

3. 说明你研究问题的理论依据，要清楚的指出为什么该研究是值得去做的；

4. 简要描述该研究要解决的主要及次要问题；

5. 确定你试验中关键的独立或相关变量。或者，明确说明你想要研究的现象；

6. 阐述你的假说或理论，如有的话。对于探索性或现象解释型的研究，你可能不会有任何假说。（请不要混淆假说和统计学上的零假设）；

7.设定你研究计划的局限或边界，以提供一个清晰的研究重点；

8. 给关键概念下定义（此项为可选）；

文献综述： 文献综述有时也包括到简介部分。然而，大多数教授更喜欢一个单独的部分，这样可以更全面地回顾相关文献。

文献综述有以下一些重要功能：

1. 确保你不是“重新发明车轮”（意即不是重复前人已有的成果）；

2. 向奠定该研究基础的前人致谢；

3. 说明你对该研究问题的了解；

4. 阐述你对该问题相关的理论和研究的理解；

5. 展现你对相关文献资料的批判评价能力；

6 显示你整合现有文献的能力；

7. 提供新的理论见解或发展一种新的模式，作为你研究的概念框架；

8. 向你的读者证明该研究计划会对现有文献做出重要的和实质性的贡献。（比如，解决一个重要的理论问题或者填补一个主要空白）；

大多数学生的文献综述都有以下问题：

* 缺乏组织结构

* 缺乏重点，整体性和连贯性

* 冗长重复

* 没有引用重要文献

* 没有跟上最新进展

* 没有对所引文献进行批判分析

* 引用了不相关或不重要的文献

* 过多依赖二手资料{proposal范文}.

如果你的研究计划里有任何上述问题，你的学术和研究能力就会受到质疑。 有多种方式来组织文献综述。利用副标题来使你的综述有序和连贯。比如，在展示了你研究领域的重要性和最新研究进展之后，你可能会用几个小节来探讨相关问题，如理论模型，测定手段，跨文化和性别差异，等等。 同时也要牢记你是在向听众讲一个故事。要试着以一种具有启发性的方式讲述，而不要使他们感到厌烦，因为这可能导致你的计划被否决。（记住，教授和科学家们也是人。）

方法：方法部分非常重要，因为它会告诉研究委员会你准备如何来解决该研究问题。该部分要提出你的工作计划，并说明完成你项目所需的必要活动。攥写方法部分的指导原则就是，应包含足够的信息，以便读者判断该方法是否有效可行。

你也应该说明对其他可行方法的看法，以证明你的方法是解决该研究问题最适当和最有效的途径。 表明你的研究问题能被定性的研究所回答。然而，大多数主流的心理学家仍然对定性研究抱有偏见，尤其是针对各种现象，因此你可能需要证明你的定性方法。 而且在定性分析时，并没有一个好的而又被广泛接受的经典方法，所以你的方法部分就需要阐述得比传统定量研究所要求的更为详尽。更重要的是，相比定量研究，数据的收集过程对定性研究的结果有更重大的影响。这是你需要更加小心地描述你将如何收集和分析数据的另一个原因。（如何攥写定性分析的方法部分需要另文讨论）

对定量研究来说，方法部分通常包括以下内容：

1. 研究设计-是问卷调查研究还是一个实验室的试验？你将选择什么样的设计？

2. 研究对象或参与者――谁将会参与你的研究？你将采用什么样的抽样程序？

3. 研究手段――你将采用什么样的测量手段或问卷？你为什么要选择这些方法？他们是否有效可靠？

4. 研究步骤――你打算如何开展研究？有哪些过程将被包括？需要多长时间？

结果： 很显然，在研究计划准备阶段你并没有研究结果。不过，你将收集哪些数据，什么样的统计方法将会用于解答你的研究问题或验证你的假设，关于这些你应该有一些想法。

讨论： 向读者说明你研究的潜在影响很重要。在交流时你应该热情而自信，但又不能夸大该研究的价值。这就是为什么你还需要说明该研究的局限和不足，可能是因为时间和经济上的限制，也可能是因为你研究领域还是在发展初期。

研究计划攥写时常犯的错误：

1. 拟定研究问题时没有提供合适的背景；

2. 没有给研究设定边界条件；

3. 没有引用标志性的研究；

4. 未准确指出其他研究者在理论和实践上做出的贡献；

5. 未能持续关注所研究的问题；

6. 未能给该研究提出一个条理分明和有说服力的论据；

7. 在次要问题上太多细节，在主要问题上却细节不足；

8. 过于松散，都是泛泛而谈，没有明确的方向。（好的研究建议方向明确，展开论述从容不迫，就像一条连续的河流）；

9. 过多的引用笔误和错误引用；

10.太过冗长或过于简短；

11. 没有遵循美国心理学会写作格式规范（APA style）；

12. Slopping writing.？？

proposal范文篇三

怎么写篇漂亮的research proposal

怎么写篇漂亮的research proposal，流传很广的写作指南。言简意赅，很实用~~ 来源： 张阳阳的日志

文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada).

题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：{proposal范文}.

Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand,

A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.

Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.

The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.

The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.

This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.

Title:

It should be . For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the

proposal.

Abstract:

It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the resear. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.

Introduction:

The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.

If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literaturHowever, if the same question is placed in the context of its significance will become evident.

Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to .

However, try to place your research question in the context of either Secondly, you need to provide a. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.

The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers

1. State the which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.

2. Provide the for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.

3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is w

4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.

5. Identify the of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.

6. State if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)

7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a

8. Provide definitions (This is optional.)

Literature Review:

Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.

The literature review serves several important functions:

1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.

2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.

3. Demonstrates of the research problem.

4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.

5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.

6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.

7. Provides as the conceptual framework for your research.

8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).

Most students’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems:

* Lacking organization and structure

* Lacking focus, unity and coherence

* Being repetitive and verbose

* Failing to cite influential papers

* Failing to keep up with recent developments

* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers

* Citing irrelevant or trivial references

* Depending too much on secondary sources

Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.

There are different ways to organize your literature review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.

It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)

Methods:

The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.

The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should

You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and that your approach is the most way to address your research question.

Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.

Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)

For the method section typically consists of the following sections:

1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?

2. Subjects or participants - Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?

3. Instruments - What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?

4. Procedure - How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?

Results:

Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to and will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.

Discussion:

It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.

Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing

1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.

2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.

3. Failure to cite landmark studies.

4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.

5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.

6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.

7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.

8. Too much rambling — going “all over the map” without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)

9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.

10. Too long or too short.

11. Failing to follow the APA style.

12. Slopping writing.

proposal范文篇四

申请文书Research proposal怎么写

申请文书Researchproposal怎么写

首先，先讨论最常见的SOP。无论申请什么学校，一定都会要求SOP。这份文件通常分以下几个部份：大学时期修过课程，大学时期研究，硕班时期修过课程，硕班时期研究，课外活动，打工或经验，毕业后的研究经验，未来研究计划。Statementofpurpose里的研究计划大概只有一段左右。整篇statement大约为1000字上下最为常见。Researchproposal一般来说是申请博士才会需要，但是有一些硕士班申请也会要求。通常researchproposal会比statementofpurpose长。依学校要求可能少则1000字，多则高达十几二十页。至于researchproposal要写得多详细有两种方式：一个是挑一个研究的方向，写得很详细，展现出现你有能力做深度的研究；另一个是挑两三个研究的主题，每一个都讨论一页左右，让学校觉得你是一个很有弹性，愿意多方学习的人。最重要的是，一定要去学校的网站看有哪些研究者，哪些教授，这些教授最近的学生在做什么主题，他们自己又是做什么主题。你写的研究方向如果是教授几年前在做的主题，可能他现在已经没有在做了，或是做腻了，教授可能就不会特别想收你。教授最近在做什么研究，学校的网站会给你最初步的了解，但是最重要的是看教授最近发表的paper或是书，或是他的学生发表的paper或是书是在做什么主题。Researchproposal通常还会包含一个literaturereview，也就是把目前为止学者们做的研究做到哪里了，写出来。那接下来你得说明，你赞成哪些**，不赞成哪些**，以及最重要的是，你未来的研究，跟前人的研究有什么不同，你的学术贡献在哪里如果是你比较toppriority想申请的学校，建议博士班申请可以将自己的研究想法，过去做过的研究成果，以及未来想走的方向写一封大约500字的email给你中意的教授。甚至如果有时间的话，可以去参加conference，遇到教授时就直接上前跟他攀谈。如果没有conference可参加，那就直接寄信问教授是否有意愿跟你会面。寄简短的researchproposal给教授，要注意的是，不要只写：我对你的研究很有兴趣…我毕业于XX大学…我觉得你

是很优秀的教授…等等这种废话。请尽量言之有物，不要长篇大论，超过500字会让对方觉得负担很大，可能不会想看你的email。但是太短或是太废话，又会觉得你不够优秀，教授可能会不想浪费时间跟你往来通信或是跟你会面讨论你的博士计划。以上当然是最佳的状况，也就是你对你申请的学校的program蛮了解的，你也对你未来的指导教授的研究蛮了解的。如果没有时间，或是真的还是有一点状况外，那researchproposal可能写不了很深入，自己找一个主题写深入又怕教授不喜欢你的主题，不想收你。这时候可能researchproposal就得写得比较广泛一些。但是说广泛也还是得展现出你有念博班的资格∩能可以挑三个研究方向来写，每一个都写上500-1000字，然后跟教授说你对三个都有兴趣，如果有机会的话看是否可以跟教授讨论。最后一种为personalstatement，有时是称之为personalhistory。这一类的文件是我目前在修改文件时最头痛的，往往文不对题，而且只是把statementofpurpose里的东西改编一下，换句话说而已。Personalstatement是要让你展现出你的个人特质。学校每年收到数百上千份文件，而且每一个人的背景都蛮优秀的，statementofpurpose通常都是写你是XX大学毕业，大学做了什么研究，要蛮化也蛮难的。Personalstatement则是让你可以写出你的家庭背景，特别的经验等等。如果讨论家庭背景，请不要写：我有爸爸，妈妈，跟一个哥哥，家庭和乐，妈妈很辛苦…之类的话。家庭背景其实要写的是，比如说，父亲是教授对你有什么启发，家境很不好对你求学之路有什么影响，原住民背景让你在求学之路有什么影响。一般来说外国人会比较喜欢白手起家，或是很努力型的小孩。如果家境很好，请不要讲家里开，从小不愁吃不愁穿，所以不知道要做什么，只好申请国外的学校。还是要着重在家里虽然蛮富裕的，父亲却很重视家庭，所以你从小就在自家打工，学习父亲的精神，看见父亲很辛苦，想帮忙所以想多学一些技能，希望回国后能分担父亲的劳苦。Personalstatement其实有一点洒狗血，讲得很生动，很感人，或是很悲惨可能加分效果会比较好。另外像是如果有特别的经验，像是从小就搬家到美国，不太会讲中文，夹在中国跟美国文化中间。或是曾经摆摊卖鸡排，找出该炸多久最好吃，鸡排应该定价多少最赚钱等。或

是曾经拿着吉他走唱。或是你做的youtubevideo超红超多人点看。或是你很会唱歌，拿到全楔拉OK大王。每年计算机展一定会带你的专业相机去拍showgirl，波在网络上获得大家广大的回响。不要小看人的魅力。我们觉得很正常很宅男的兴趣，外国人往往会觉得非常有趣。再来，很多人很喜欢写的课外活动为旅行。但是如果你的所谓旅行是参加旅行团去日本或是法国这类先进国家，其实加分效果不太高。因为华人游客给外国人印象很差，根本不是旅行，只是去拍照的。所以除非你去的国家很多很特别，或是你的旅行方式很自助很特别，或是你上山下海高空弹跳搭直升机样样来，尽量不要写你的旅行经验。接下来，来找几个学校对personalstatement的要求，我来说明一下他们是什么意思。像是HarvardLawSchool好了，他们写道：Applicantspresentthemselves,theirbackgrounds,experiences,andideastotheAdmissionsCommitteeinaPersonalStatement.Becausepeopleandtheirexperiencesarediverse,youarethebestpersontodetermihecontentofyourownstatement.Itisforyoutodecidewhatinformationyouwouldliketoconvey,andthebestwayforyoutoconveyit.Whateveryouwrite,readerswillbeseekingtogetasenseofyouasapersonandasapotentialstudentandgraduateofHarvardLawSchool.Inthiscontext,itisgenerallymorehelpfultowritewhatyouthinkreadersshouldknowtohaveabettersenseofwhoyouareratherthanwritingwhatyouthinkthereaderswanttoread.上面这一段在讲学校是希望让你有发挥的空间，让你有机会展现出你跟别人不一样的地方。因为毕竟学校每年都收到数百份statement，会申请Harvard的同学大概都是差不多的背景：国高中就很优秀啦，大学GPA很高啦，参加社团通常都当社长啦，喜欢打工喜欢旅行等等。千篇一律，没什么特别的。这里就是让你讲述你的特别的经验。而且你要如何呈现你自己，学校让你自行发挥。所以一定要好好把握机会，把你最特别，最吸引人的地方讲出来。ThePersonalStatementcanbeanopportunitytoilluminateyourintellectualbackgroundandinterests,ortoprovideinformationaboutyourselfan

dyourachievementsthatmaynotbefullyevidentthroughotherinformationprovidedintheapplication.Inmanyways,youarepreparingacase.Asinlegalwriting,itisimportanttobepersuasive,clear,andsuinct.Therearefewsubstitutesforcarefulforethoughtandplanninginthisprocess.上面这一段在讲你的personalstatement应该要讲述SOP里不会讲到的东西，可以是学术类的，可以是你的兴趣，这些东西都是写在SOP里很怪的范围，但是学校让你发挥在这里。像是当校园记者，办园游会，办迎新活动，参加学生绝食抗争等等都可以写出来。再来是Princeton的网站上面对于personalstatement的讲解：SamplePersonalStatementTopics:·Somethingaboutwhichyouarepassionate,suchasasportorvolunteeractivity·Anexperiencethatresultedinintellectualoremotionalgrowth·Achallengethatyounotonlymetbutsurpassed·Youracademicinterestsandresearch所以还可以讲你参加了什么社团，系队，校队，或是自愿参加的活动，像是教英文啦，团康啦，去养老院陪老人家聊天啦都可以写。另外还可以写影响你生命至大的事件，像是国中时本来很叛逆，遇到一位好老师，父亲或是母亲会逼你记账并写**以及企划书，或是哥哥在学校是风云人物或是天才，自己一直在他的阴影下成长，但是后来终于找到自己的出路等等。再来，还可以写你遇到什么挫折，像是母亲早逝让你跟父亲相依为命，家境忽然从超好变超差，家道中落亲戚都离你父母而去，得过忧郁症有一阵子一直想自杀后来终于走出来，统计一直学不好，被当了三次，但是终于找到一个超强家教老师，你也拼了命的学，才没有因为统计没过关不能毕业。最后，我一定要提醒同学一下，申请文件是「一整套」在看的，所以没有所谓哪一份文件最重要。GPA，托福，GRE/GMAT，在校成绩等等固然重要，推荐信，论文，SOP，personalstatement也都一样很重要。学校在看的是你的整体表现，所以如果有一两个部份很差，没关系，只要有别的地方可以补得起来即可。有些人可能是成绩很低，但是社团经验，经验很丰富；有些人可能很不会考试，托福永远考不过100分，但是研究做得很好，发了三四篇paper；这些同学都还是非常有可能申请得上很好的学校。所以重要的是，整「套」

留学文件，应该要互相补充，把一个完整的「你」呈现出来。而且整套留学文件应该要有一个重点。留学文件请加强自己的强项。弱项可以略过不提，但是不要硬解释。大学成绩烂就烂，不需要提供一整段解释为何年少荒唐。

proposal范文篇五

research-proposal范文

Research proposal

1. Title：

Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and American Modern Eschatology

Or Modern Eschatology of the 21st century America in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road

2. Introduction：

1).about the author:

a. Most Important achievements about Cormac McCarthy:

Cormac McCarthy is an American novelist and playwright, who was once described as “the best unknown novelist in America”. So far McCarthy has written ten novels, one published five-act play, and one filmed screenplay, among which, novels are considered his most conspicuous literary achievements.

On May 5th, 2009, Cormac McCarthy has won the biennial PEN/Saul Bellow award for lifetime achievement in American literature, for "a distinguished living American author of fiction whose body of work in English possesses qualities of excellence, ambition, and scale of achievement over a sustained career which places him or her in the highest rank of American literature".

He received the Pulitzer Prize in 2007 for The Road, and his 2005 novel No Country for Old Men was adapted as a 2007 film of the same name, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. He received a National Book Award in 1992 for All the Pretty Horses.

His earlier Blood Meridian (1985) was among Time Magazine's poll of 100 best English-language books published between 1925 and 2005 and he placed joint runner-up for a similar title in a poll taken in 2006 by The New York Times of the best American fiction published in the last 25 years. Literary critic Harold Bloom named him as one of the four major American novelists of his time, along with Thomas Pynchon, Don DeLillo and Philip Roth. He is frequently compared by modern reviewers to William Faulkner.

2. Proposed researched topic

Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and American Modern Eschatology

Or Modern Eschatology of the 21st century America in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road

3. Literature review:

As Cormac McCarthy is a newly-rising writer, we can not see so many tremendous academic studies of him as of other classical writers.

1) In USA, Cormac McCarthy didn’t receive critical attention until the 1990s.So far the American critics and postgraduates have conducted studies of him in the following aspects with a few achievements. In spite of his numerous awards and prizes, McCarthy is frequently considered

as the successor of William Faulkner; however, with the popularity of No Country for Old Men and the great success of The Road, more mainstream critics and media keep an eye on this unknown famous writer.{proposal范文}.

a. Monologues, dialogues, sentence structures inspire scholars to explore autotextuality in McCarthy’s works. Christine Chollier brings forward the idea that the writer is a master in binding and interweaving different voices together to generate and enhance an impression of reality. It is the writer’s talent in picking and arranging words that renders his works an organic unity rarely found in other western novels.

Another thing that keeps attracting scholar’s attention is protagonists’ dreams, which, Edwin T. Arnold thinks, represent McCarthy’s “unique way of sharing world experience with readers”. Other themes, like wars, ethics, and modern technology, have all become the focuses of study. Some scholars ponder over another important theme in McCarthy’s works: human-nature relations. George Guillemin raises the idea that the writer is advocating a biocentric concept in all his books, which runs in contrast to the anthropocentric stance many western novels have assumed before. Guillemin points out that people’s hope to get closer to nature has been ruined by modern civilization. Barcley Owens, too, expresses the same concern over human’s attitudes towards nature and argues eloquently that McCarthy reveals his worry through the depiction of wilderness in his Border Trilogy.

In The Lay of the Land in Cormac McCarthy’s Appalachia, K. Wesley Berry shows his interest in examining the geological changes in McCarthy’s Appalachia. A lot of data are brought in for a conclusion that human’s activities have already caused damages to natural environment, and if not stopped, will continue to harm the planet people are living on. In another essay by Sara Spurgeon, the idea that nature deserves to be explored and used by human is totally undermined through a closer examination of the message McCarthy tries to pass on to us in his works. The World on Fire deals with the same topic, but in a different way. Jacqueline Scoones finds McCarthy’s interest in portraying products of modern civilization and putting them in a setting of nature. Scoones insists that McCarthy intends to generate an odd contrast between civilization and nature, and to arouse a spontaneous hatred against people’s invasion into nature.

Researchers also notice the animal images in his works. Major analysis include George Guillemin’s Some Site Where Life had not Succeeded, in which he mentions that John Grady’s attitude changes toward horses represent the wakening of his goodwill to nature. Western Myths in All the Pretty Horses and The Crossing by Barcley Owens explicitly affirms wolves as a “spokesman” of nature. And everything people could see from the animal and its relations with human may serve as the evidence that McCarthy hopes for a harmonious coexistence between human and nature.

2) Cormac McCarthy’s works are still far from familiar to China’s literary circle.

From the data from CNKI, it is clear that Cormac McCarthy has gained Chinese Critics’